The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic 
Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

Kahil, F.; Hirzberger, J.; Solanki, S. K.; Chitta, L. P.; Peter, H.; Auchère, F.; Sinjan, J.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Albert, K.; Albelo Jorge, N.; Appourchaux, T.; Alvarez-Herrero, A.; Blanco Rodríguez, J.; Gandorfer, A.; Germerott, D.; Guerrero, L.; Gutiérrez Márquez, P.; Kolleck, M.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Volkmer, R.; Woch, J.; Fiethe, B.; Gómez Cama, J. M.; Pérez-Grande, I.; Sanchis Kilders, E.; Balaguer Jiménez, M.; Bellot Rubio, L. R.; Calchetti, D.; Carmona, M.; Deutsch, W.; Fernández-Rico, G.; Fernández-Medina, A.; García Parejo, P.; Gasent-Blesa, J. L.; Gizon, L.; Grauf, B.; Heerlein, K.; Lagg, A.; Lange, T.; López Jiménez, A.; Maue, T.; Meller, Reinhard; Michalik, H.; Moreno Vacas, A.; Müller, R.; Nakai, E.; Schmidt, W.; Schou, J.; Schühle, U.; Staub, J.; Strecker, H.; Torralbo, I.; Valori, G.; Aznar Cuadrado, R.; Teriaca, L.; Berghmans, D.; Verbeeck, C.; Kraaikamp, E.; Gissot, S.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142873

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The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

MPS-Authors

/persons/resource/persons209278

Kahil, F.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science at the University of Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103966

Hirzberger, J.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104218

Solanki, S. K.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons192376

Chitta, L. P.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104124

Peter, H.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231801

Albert, K.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
IMPRS for Solar System Science at the University of Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103917

Gandorfer, A.
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103923

Germerott, D.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104018

Kolleck, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104296

Woch, J.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103886

Deutsch, W.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons204448

Fernández-Rico, G.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science at the University of Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103925

Gizon, L.
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103935

Grauf, B.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103956

Heerlein, K.
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104078

Maue, T.
Department Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104087

Meller, Reinhard
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Müller, R.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons129829

Schou, J.
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104197

Schühle, U.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons31086

Strecker, H.
Division Prof. Dr. Manfred Lindner, MPI for Nuclear Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons274392

Valori, G.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103818

Aznar Cuadrado, R.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104241

Teriaca, L.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A&A...660A.143K
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Citation

Kahil, F., Hirzberger, J., Solanki, S. K., Chitta, L. P., Peter, H., Auchère, F., et al. (2022). The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 660, A143. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142873.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000C-B1DD-3

Abstract

Context. The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board the Solar Orbiter (SO) spacecraft observed small extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bursts, termed campfires, that have been proposed to be brightenings near the apexes of low-lying loops in the quiet-Sun atmosphere. The underlying magnetic processes driving these campfires are not understood.
Aims: During the cruise phase of SO and at a distance of 0.523 AU from the Sun, the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter (SO/PHI) observed a quiet-Sun region jointly with SO/EUI, offering the possibility to investigate the surface magnetic field dynamics underlying campfires at a spatial resolution of about 380 km.
Methods: We used co-spatial and co-temporal data of the quiet-Sun network at disc centre acquired with the High Resolution Imager of SO/EUI at 17.4 nm (HRI_EUV, cadence 2 s) and the High Resolution Telescope of SO/PHI at 617.3 nm (HRT, cadence 2.5 min). Campfires that are within the SO/PHI−SO/EUI common field of view were isolated and categorised according to the underlying magnetic activity.
Results: In 71% of the 38 isolated events, campfires are confined between bipolar magnetic features, which seem to exhibit signatures of magnetic flux cancellation. The flux cancellation occurs either between the two main footpoints, or between one of the footpoints of the loop housing the campfire and a nearby opposite polarity patch. In one particularly clear-cut case, we detected the emergence of a small-scale magnetic loop in the internetwork followed soon afterwards by a campfire brightening adjacent to the location of the linear polarisation signal in the photosphere, that is to say near where the apex of the emerging loop lays. The rest of the events were observed over small scattered magnetic features, which could not be identified as magnetic footpoints of the campfire hosting loops.
Conclusions: The majority of campfires could be driven by magnetic reconnection triggered at the footpoints, similar to the physical processes occurring in the burst-like EUV events discussed in the literature. About a quarter of all analysed campfires, however, are not associated to such magnetic activity in the photosphere, which implies that other heating mechanisms are energising these small-scale EUV brightenings.