The European Solar Telescope

Quintero Noda, C.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Bellot Rubio, L. R.; Löfdahl, M. G.; Khomenko, E.; Jurčák, J.; Leenaarts, J.; Kuckein, C.; González Manrique, S. J.; Gunár, S.; Nelson, C. J.; de la Cruz Rodríguez, J.; Tziotziou, K.; Tsiropoula, G.; Aulanier, G.; Aboudarham, J.; Allegri, D.; Alsina Ballester, E.; Amans, J. P.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Bailén, F. J.; Balaguer, M.; Baldini, V.; Balthasar, H.; Barata, T.; Barczynski, K.; Barreto Cabrera, M.; Baur, A.; Béchet, C.; Beck, C.; Belío-Asín, M.; Bello-González, N.; Belluzzi, L.; Bentley, R. D.; Berdyugina, S. V.; Berghmans, D.; Berlicki, A.; Berrilli, F.; Berkefeld, T.; Bettonvil, F.; Bianda, M.; Bienes Pérez, J.; Bonaque-González, S.; Brajša, R.; Bommier, V.; Bourdin, P. -A.; Burgos Martín, J.; Calchetti, D.; Calcines, A.; Calvo Tovar, J.; Campbell, R. J.; Carballo-Martín, Y.; Carbone, V.; Carlin, E. S.; Carlsson, M.; Castro López, J.; Cavaller, L.; Cavallini, F.; Cauzzi, G.; Cecconi, M.; Chulani, H. M.; Cirami, R.; Consolini, G.; Coretti, I.; Cosentino, R.; Cózar-Castellano, J.; Dalmasse, K.; Danilovic, S.; De Juan Ovelar, M.; Del Moro, D.; del Pino Alemán, T.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Denker, C.; Dhara, S. K.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Díaz Baso, C. J.; Diercke, A.; Dineva, E.; Díaz-García, J. J.; Doerr, H. -P.; Doyle, G.; Erdelyi, R.; Ermolli, I.; Escobar Rodríguez, A.; Esteban Pozuelo, S.; Faurobert, M.; Felipe, T.; Feller, A.; Feijoo Amoedo, N.; Femenía Castellá, B.; Fernandes, J.; Ferro Rodríguez, I.; Figueroa, I.; Fletcher, L.; Franco Ordovas, A.; Gafeira, R.; Gardenghi, R.; Gelly, B.; Giorgi, F.; Gisler, D.; Giovannelli, L.; González, F.; González, J. B.; González-Cava, J. M.; González García, M.; Gömöry, P.; Gracia, F.; Grauf, B.; Greco, V.; Grivel, C.; Guerreiro, N.; Guglielmino, S. L.; Hammerschlag, R.; Hanslmeier, A.; Hansteen, V.; Heinzel, P.; Hernández-Delgado, A.; Hernández Suárez, E.; Hidalgo, S. L.; Hill, F.; Hizberger, J.; Hofmeister, S.; Jägers, A.; Janett, G.; Jarolim, R.; Jess, D.; Jiménez Mejías, D.; Jolissaint, L.; Kamlah, R.; Kapitán, J.; Kašparová, J.; Keller, C. U.; Kentischer, T.; Kiselman, D.; Kleint, L.; Klvana, M.; Kontogiannis, I.; Krishnappa, N.; Kučera, A.; Labrosse, N.; Lagg, A.; Landi Degl'Innocenti, E.; Langlois, M.; Lafon, M.; Laforgue, D.; Le Men, C.; Lepori, B.; Lepreti, F.; Lindberg, B.; Lilje, P. B.; López Ariste, A.; López Fernández, V. A.; López Jiménez, A. C.; López López, R.; Manso Sainz, R.; Marassi, A.; Marco de la Rosa, J.; Marino, J.; Marrero, J.; Martín, A.; Martín Gálvez, A.; Martín Hernando, Y.; Masciadri, E.; Martínez González, M.; Matta-Gómez, A.; Mato, A.; Mathioudakis, M.; Matthews, S.; Mein, P.; Merlos García, F.; Moity, J.; Montilla, I.; Molinaro, M.; Molodij, G.; Montoya, L. M.; Munari, M.; Murabito, M.; Núñez Cagigal, M.; Oliviero, M.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Ortiz, A.; Padilla-Hernández, C.; Paéz Mañá, E.; Paletou, F.; Pancorbo, J.; Pastor Cañedo, A.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Peat, A. W.; Pedichini, F.; Peixinho, N.; Peñate, J.; Pérez de Taoro, A.; Peter, H.; Petrovay, K.; Piazzesi, R.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pleier, O.; Poedts, S.; Pötzi, W.; Podladchikova, T.; Prieto, G.; Quintero Nehrkorn, J.; Ramelli, R.; Ramos Sapena, Y.; Rasilla, J. L.; Reardon, K.; Rebolo, R.; Regalado Olivares, S.; Reyes García-Talavera, M.; Riethmüller, T. L.; Rimmele, T.; Rodríguez Delgado, H.; Rodríguez González, N.; Rodríguez-Losada, J. A.; Rodríguez Ramos, L. F.; Romano, P.; Roth, M.; Rouppe van der Voort, L.; Rudawy, P.; Ruiz de Galarreta, C.; Rybák, J.; Salvade, A.; Sánchez-Capuchino, J.; Sánchez Rodríguez, M. L.; Sangiorgi, M.; Sayède, F.; Scharmer, G.; Scheiffelen, T.; Schmidt, W.; Schmieder, B.; Scirè, C.; Scuderi, S.; Siegel, B.; Sigwarth, M.; Simões, P. J. A.; Snik, F.; Sliepen, G.; Sobotka, M.; Socas-Navarro, H.; Sola La Serna, P.; Solanki, S. K.; Soler Trujillo, M.; Soltau, D.; Sordini, A.; Sosa Méndez, A.; Stangalini, M.; Steiner, O.; Stenflo, J. O.; Štěpán, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Sudar, D.; Suematsu, Y.; Sütterlin, P.; Tallon, M.; Temmer, M.; Tenegi, F.; Tritschler, A.; Trujillo Bueno, J.; Turchi, A.; Utz, D.; van Harten, G.; van Noort, M.; van Werkhoven, T.; Vansintjan, R.; Vaz Cedillo, J. J.; Vega Reyes, N.; Verma, M.; Veronig, A. M.; Viavattene, G.; Vitas, N.; Vögler, A.; von der Lühe, O.; Volkmer, R.; Waldmann, T. A.; Walton, D.; Wisniewska, A.; Zeman, J.; Zeuner, F.; Zhang, L. Q.; Zuccarello, F.; Collados, M.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243867

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The European Solar Telescope

MPS-Authors

/persons/resource/persons22915

Gunár, S.
Stellar Astrophysics, MPI for Astrophysics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons185932

Barczynski, K.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons92136

Beck, C.
Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103879

Danilovic, S.
IMPRS on Physical Processes in the Solar System and Beyond, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons123107

Del Moro, D.
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103910

Feller, A.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons204440

Gafeira, R.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science at the University of Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103935

Grauf, B.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons23804

Heinzel, P.
Stellar Astrophysics, MPI for Astrophysics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104032

Krishnappa, N.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons204430

Manso Sainz, R.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons45002

Matthews, S.
Programming Logics, MPI for Informatics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104124

Peter, H.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104131

Pleier, O.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104155

Riethmüller, T. L.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104218

Solanki, S. K.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
MPI for Aeronomy, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104225

Stangalini, M.
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104263

van Noort, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons129833

Verma, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104273

Vögler, A.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons280703

Zeman, J.
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Former Departments, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231366

Zeuner, F.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;
IMPRS for Solar System Science at the University of Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Quintero Noda, C., Schlichenmaier, R., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Löfdahl, M. G., Khomenko, E., Jurčák, J., et al. (2022). The European Solar Telescope. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 666, A21. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243867.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000C-B25B-5

Abstract

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l'Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems.