Item

Abstract

SUMMARY The unique flavors of different fruits depend upon complex blends of soluble sugars, organic acids and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 2-Phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde are major contributors to flavor in many foods, including tomato. In the tomato fruit, glucose and fructose are the chemicals that most positively contribute to human flavor preferences. We identified a gene encoding a tomato aldo/keto reductase, Sl-AKR9, that is associated with phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol contents in fruits. Two distinct haplotypes were identified; one encodes a chloroplast-targeted protein while the other encodes a transit peptide-less protein that accumulates in the cytoplasm. Sl-AKR9 effectively catalyzes reduction of phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol. The enzyme can also metabolize sugar-derived reactive carbonyls, including glyceraldehyde and methylglyoxal. CRISPR-Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutations in Sl-AKR9 significantly increased phenylacetaldehyde and lowered 2-phenylethanol content in ripe fruit. Reduced fruit weight and increased soluble solids, glucose and fructose contents were observed in the loss-of-function fruits. These results reveal a previously unidentified mechanism affecting two flavor associated phenylalanine-derived VOCs, sugar content and fruit weight. Modern varieties of tomato almost universally contain the haplotype associated with larger fruit, lower sugar content and lower phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol, likely leading to flavor deterioration in modern varieties.