Measuring an Ongoing State of Wakefulness: The Development and Validation of 
the Inventory of Secular/Spiritual Wakefulness (WAKE)

Kilrea, Kelly A.; Taylor, Steve; Bilodeau, C.; Wittmann, M.; Linares Gutiérrez, D.; Kübel, Sebastian

doi:10.1177/00221678231185891

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Measuring an Ongoing State of Wakefulness: The Development and Validation of the Inventory of Secular/Spiritual Wakefulness (WAKE)

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Kübel, Sebastian
Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Max Planck Society;

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Kilrea, K. A., Taylor, S., Bilodeau, C., Wittmann, M., Linares Gutiérrez, D., & Kübel, S. (2023). Measuring an Ongoing State of Wakefulness: The Development and Validation of the Inventory of Secular/Spiritual Wakefulness (WAKE). Journal of Humanistic Psychology. doi:10.1177/00221678231185891.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000D-9D5C-C

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing an ongoing state of wakefulness, a psychological state occurring in secular and spiritual contexts. Wakefulness is an expansive, self-transcendent, relatively stable state of being in which a person’s perception of and relationship to the world are transformed. No such questionnaire with this specific aim and scope exists. Methods: Characteristics of wakefulness from prior research were transformed into statements and refined based on expert feedback and two pilot studies. In a first study, exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted with n = 278 English-speaking participants. Matched participants of this sample were compared with a group of awakened participants (n = 24). In a second study, EFAs on the German-translated questionnaire were computed and correlated with other established measures (n = 366 participants). Results: A unidimensional structure was found for the 19-item English Wakefulness Inventory, WAKE-19 and for the 16-item German WAKE-16. The scale is reliable with a significant difference between the general population and the group of awakened participants. Correlations with other measures indicate construct validity. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence for the existence of wakefulness as a state of being, distinct from the usual or ordinary state of adult waking consciousness and a valid and reliable instrument for future research.