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Abstract

Australian conservation targets commonly focus on preserving a vaguely defined ecological baseline, often conceptualised as a pre-European, 'natural' state. For instance, environmental legislation protects ?Endangered Ecological Communities? (EECs), which purportedly represent remnants of naturally occurring biota. However, EECs are often classified without long-term data, making it unclear as to whether the community being protected is indeed ?natural?. In this essay, we use history, ecology, and geography to map the long-term socio-environmental evolution of Sydney's freshwater wetland EECs, which were once key features of Australia's biggest city. Our data show that today's remnant wetlands are different from those of the early 1800s, highlighting how quickly landscapes can be misremembered. We encourage a reimagining of these wetlands not as snapshots of the past, but as human-impacted places with educational, ecological and historical importance. Our work emphasises the relevance of long-term, cross-disciplinary data for effective conservation, while highlighting limitations in post-colonial land management.