Method to measure muon content of extensive air showers with LHAASO KM2A-WCDA 
synergy

LHAASO Collaboration; Cao, Zhen; Aharonian, F.; An, Q.; Axikegu ,; L.X., Bai; Bai, Y.X.; Bao, Y.W.; Bastieri, D.; Bi, X.J.; Bi, Y.J.; Cai, J.T.; Cao, Q.; Cao, W.Y.; Cao, Zhe; Chang, J.; Chang, J.F.; Chen, E.S.; Chen, Liang; Chen, Lin; Chen, Long; Chen, M.J.; Chen, M.L.; Chen, Q.H.; Chen, S.H.; Chen, S.Z.; Chen, T.L.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H.L.; Cheng, N.; Cheng, Y.D.; Cui, S.W.; Cui, X.H.; Cui, Y.D.; Dai, B.Z.; Dai, H.L.; Dai, Z.G.; Danzengluobu ,; D., della Volpe; Dong, X.Q.; Duan, K.K.; Fan, J.H.; Fan, Y.Z.; Fang, J.; Fang, K.; Feng, C.F.; Feng, L.; Feng, S.H.; Feng, X.T.; Feng, Y.L.; Gao, B.; Gao, C.D.; Gao, L.Q.; Gao, Q.; Gao, W.; Gao, W.K.; Ge, M.M.; Geng, L.S.; Gong, G.H.; Gou, Q.B.; Gu, M.H.; Guo, F.L.; Guo, X.L.; Guo, Y.Q.; Guo, Y.Y.; Han, Y.A.; He, H.H.; He, H.N.; He, J.Y.; He, X.B.; He, Y.; Heller, M.; Hor, Y.K.; Hou, B.W.; Hou, C.; Hou, X.; Hu, H.B.; Hu, Q.; Hu, S.C.; Huang, D.H.; Huang, T.Q.; Huang, W.J.; Huang, X.T.; Huang, X.Y.; Huang, Y.; Huang, Z.C.; Ji, X.L.; Jia, H.Y.; Jia, K.; Jiang, K.; Jiang, X.W.; Jiang, Z.J.; Jin, M.; Kang, M.M.; Ke, T.; Kuleshov, D.; Kurinov, K.; Li, B.B.; Li, Cheng; Li, Cong; Li, D.; Li, F.; Li, H.B.; Li, H.C.; Li, H.Y.; Li, J.; Li, Jian; Li, Jie; Li, K.; Li, W.L.; Li, W.L.; Li, X.R.; Li, Xin; Li, Y.Z.; Li, Zhe; Li, Zhuo; Liang, E.W.; Liang, Y.F.; Lin, S.J.; Liu, B.; Liu, C.; Liu, D.; Liu, H.; Liu, H.D.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.L.; Liu, J.L.; Liu, J.S.; Liu, J.Y.; Liu, M.Y.; Liu, R.Y.; Liu, S.M.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.N.; Long, W.J.; Lu, R.; Luo, Q.; Lv, H.K.; Ma, B.Q.; Ma, L.L.; Ma, X.H.; Mao, J.R.; Min, Z.; Mitthumsiri, W.; Nan, Y.C.; Ou, Z.W.; Pang, B.Y.; Pattarakijwanich, P.; Pei, Z.Y.; Qi, M.Y.; Qi, Y.Q.; Qiao, B.Q.; Qin, J.J.; Ruffolo, D.; Sáiz, A.; Shao, C.Y.; Shao, L.; Shchegolev, O.; Sheng, X.D.; Song, H.C.; Stenkin, Yu.V.; Stepanov, V.; Su, Y.; Sun, Q.N.; Sun, X.N.; Sun, Z.B.; Tam, P.H.T.; Tang, Z.B.; Tian, W.W.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.B.; Wang, G.W.; Wang, H.G.; Wang, H.H.; Wang, J.C.; Wang, J.S.; Wang, K.; Wang, L.P.; Wang, L.Y.; Wang, P.H.; Wang, R.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.G.; Wang, X.Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.D.; Wang, Y.J.; Wang, Z.H.; Wang, Z.X.; Wang, Zhen; Wang, Zheng; Wei, D.M.; Wei, J.J.; Wei, Y.J.; Wen, T.; Wu, C.Y.; Wu, H.R.; Wu, S.; Wu, X.F.; Wu, Y.S.; Xi, S.Q.; Xia, J.; Xia, J.J.; Xiang, G.M.; Xiao, D.X.; Xiao, G.; Xin, G.G.; Xin, Y.L.; Xing, Y.; Xiong, Z.; Xu, D.L.; Xu, R.F.; Xu, R.X.; Xue, L.; Yan, D.H.; Yan, J.Z.; Yan, T.; Yang, C.W.; Yang, F.; Yang, F.F.; Yang, H.W.; Yang, J.Y.; Yang, L.L.; Yang, M.J.; Yang, R.Z.; Yang, S.B.; Yao, Y.H.; Yao, Z.G.; Ye, Y.M.; Yin, L.Q.; Yin, N.; You, X.H.; You, Z.Y.; Yu, Y.H.; Yuan, Q.; Yue, H.; Zeng, H.D.; Zeng, T.X.; Zeng, W.; Zeng, Z.K.; Zha, M.; Zhang, B.B.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, H.M.; Zhang, H.Y.; Zhang, J.L.; Zhang, L.X.; Zhang, Li; Zhang, P.F.; Zhang, P.P.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, S.B.; Zhang, S.R.; Zhang, S.S.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.P.; Zhang, Y.F.; Zhang, Yi; Zhang, Yong; Zhao, B.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, L.Z.; Zhao, S.P.; Zheng, F.; Zheng, Y.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, H.; Zhou, J.N.; Zhou, P.; Zhou, R.; Zhou, X.X.; Zhu, C.G.; Zhu, F.R.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, K.J.; Zuo, X.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2023.168958

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Method to measure muon content of extensive air showers with LHAASO KM2A-WCDA synergy

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Aharonian, F.
Division Prof. Dr. James A. Hinton, MPI for Nuclear Physics, Max Planck Society;

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LHAASO Collaboration, Cao, Z., Aharonian, F., An, Q., Axikegu, L.X., B., et al. (2024). Method to measure muon content of extensive air showers with LHAASO KM2A-WCDA synergy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 1059: 168958. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2023.168958.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000E-1BAC-3

Abstract

The measurement of shower muons on an event-by-event basis offers a potent tool for conducting ground-based experiments on gamma rays and cosmic rays due to its sensitivity to primary mass and interaction models. In recent years, underground water Cherenkov detectors as large-area muon counters provide the most powerful way of rejecting cosmic ray background when searching for TeV–PeV gamma rays and cosmic ray electrons, an unprecedented rejection power of 10⁴–10⁵ is achieved. Unburied water Cherenkov detectors are widely used in ground-based gamma astronomy experiments, e.g, Milagro, HAWC, LHAASO-WCDA, etc. However, due to the presence of electromagnetic components, their deployment as event-by-event muon counters has encountered considerable challenges. All the experiments mentioned above reconstruct lateral-distribution- function related parameters to tell a gamma from hadrons. In this work, we first developed a method to utilize the WCDA, to specify muon content in each shower with LHAASO KM2A-WCDA synergy and help LHAASO to gain approximately a 37,650-meter-square effective area as a muon counter.