Balancing dynamic evolution of active sites for urea oxidation in practical 
scenarios

Zhang, Jichao; Zhu, Jiexin; Kang, Liqun; Zhang, Qing; Liu, Longxiang; Guo, Fei; Li, Kaiqi; Feng, Jianrui; Xia, Lixue; Lv, Lei; Zong, Wei; Shearing, Paul R.; Brett, Dan J. L.; Parkin, Ivan P.; Song, Xuedan; Mai, Liqiang; He, Guanjie

doi:10.1039/d3ee03258b

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Balancing dynamic evolution of active sites for urea oxidation in practical scenarios

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Kang, Liqun
Research Department DeBeer, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Kang, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Guo, F., et al. (2023). Balancing dynamic evolution of active sites for urea oxidation in practical scenarios. Energy & Environmental Science, 16, 6015-6025. doi:10.1039/d3ee03258b.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000E-48D7-F

Abstract

Electrochemical urea splitting provides a sustainable and environmentally benign route for facilitating energy conversion. Nonetheless, the sustained efficiency of urea splitting is impeded by a scarcity of active sites during extended operational periods. Herein, an atomic heterostructure engineering strategy is proposed to promote the generation of active species via synthesizing unique Ru-O4 coordinated single atom catalysts anchored on Ni hydroxide (Ru1-Ni(OH)2), with ultralow Ru loading mass of 40.6 mu g cm-2 on the nickel foam for commercial feasibility. Leveraging in situ spectroscopic characterizations, the structure-performance relationship in low and high urea concentrations was investigated and exhibited extensive universality. The boosted generation of dynamic Ni3+ active sites ensures outstanding activity and prominent long-term durability tests in various practical scenarios, including 100 h Zn-urea-air battery operation, 100 h alkaline urine electrolysis, and over 400 h stable hydrogen production in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system under industrial-level current density.
The role of single atomic Ru site for enhanced UOR performance.