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Abstract

Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics enable the acquisition of increasingly large datasets within relatively short times, which exposes bottlenecks in the bioinformatics pipeline. Although peptide identification is already scalable, most label -free quantification (LFQ) algorithms scale quadratic or cubic with the sample numbers, which may even preclude the analysis of largescale data. Here we introduce directLFQ, a ratio -based approach for sample normalization and the calculation of protein intensities. It estimates quantities via aligning samples and ion traces by shifting them on top of each other in logarithmic space. Importantly, directLFQ scales linearly with the number of samples, allowing analyses of large studies to finish in minutes instead of days or months. We quantify 10,000 proteomes in 10 min and 100,000 proteomes in less than 2 h, a 1000 -fold faster than some implementations of the popular LFQ algorithm MaxLFQ. In-depth characterization of directLFQ reveals excellent normalization properties and benchmark results, comparing favorably to MaxLFQ for both data -dependent acquisition and data -independent acquisition. In addition, directLFQ provides normalized peptide intensity estimates for peptide -level comparisons. It is an important part of an overall quantitative proteomic pipeline that also needs to include high sensitive statistical analysis leading to proteoform resolution. Available as an open -source Python package and a graphical user interface with a one -click installer, it can be used in the AlphaPept ecosystem as well as downstream of most common computational proteomics pipelines.