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Journal Article

Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity

MPS-Authors

MAGIC collaboration, 
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

collaborations, 
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Abe,  H.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Abe,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Acciari,  V.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Agudo,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Aniello,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ansoldi,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Antonelli,  L.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Arbet Engels,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Arcaro,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Artero,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Asano,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Baack,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Babić,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Baquero,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Barres de Almeida,  U.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Barrio,  J.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Batković,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Baxter,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Becerra González,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bednarek,  W.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bernardini,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bernardos,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Berti,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Besenrieder,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bhattacharyya,  W.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bigongiari,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Biland,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Blanch,  O.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bonnoli,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bošnjak,  Ž.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Burelli,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Busetto,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Carosi,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Carretero-Castrillo,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Castro-Tirado,  A.J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ceribella,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Chai,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Chilingarian,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Cikota,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Colombo,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Contreras,  J.L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Cortina,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Covino,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

D'Amico,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

D'Elia,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Da Vela,  P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Dazzi,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

De Angelis,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

De Lotto,  B.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Del Popolo,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Delfino,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Delgado,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Delgado Mendez,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Depaoli,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Di Pierro,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Di Venere,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Do Souto Espiñeira,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Dominis Prester,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Donini,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Dorner,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Doro,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Elsaesser,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Emery,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Escudero,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fallah Ramazani,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fariña,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fattorini,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Foffano,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Font,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fruck,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fukami,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fukazawa,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

García López,  R.J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Garczarczyk,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gasparyan,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gaug,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Giesbrecht Paiva,  J.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Giglietto,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Giordano,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gliwny,  P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Godinović,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Grau,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Green,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Green,  J.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hadasch,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hahn,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hassan,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Heckmann,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Herrera,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hrupec,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hütten,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Imazawa,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Inada,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Iotov,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ishio,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Jiménez Martínez,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Jormanainen,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kerszberg,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kobayashi,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kubo,  H.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kushida,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lamastra,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lelas,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Leone,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lindfors,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Linhoff,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lombardi,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Longo,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

López-Coto,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

López-Moya,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

López-Oramas,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Loporchio,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lorini,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lyard,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Machado de Oliveira Fraga,  B.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Majumdar,  P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Makariev,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Maneva,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mang,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Manganaro,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mangano,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mannheim,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mariotti,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Martínez,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mas-Aguilar,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mazin,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Menchiari,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mender,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mićanović,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Miceli,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Miener,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Miranda,  J.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mirzoyan,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Molina,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mondal,  H.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Moralejo,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Morcuende,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Moreno,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nakamori,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nanci,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nava,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Neustroev,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nievas Rosillo,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nigro,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nilsson,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nishijima,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Njoh Ekoume,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Noda,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nozaki,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ohtani,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Oka,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Okumura,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Otero-Santos,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Paiano,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Palatiello,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Paneque,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Paoletti,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Paredes,  J.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Pavletić,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Persic,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Pihet,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Pirola,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Podobnik,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Prada Moroni,  P.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Prandini,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Principe,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Priyadarshi,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Rhode,  W.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ribó,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Rico,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Righi,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Rugliancich,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sahakyan,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Saito,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sakurai,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Satalecka,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Saturni,  F.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schleicher,  B.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schmidt,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schmuckermaier,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schubert,  J.L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schweizer,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sitarek,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sliusar,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sobczynska,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Spolon,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Stamerra,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Strišković,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Strom,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Strzys,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Suda,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Surić,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tajima,  H.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Takahashi,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Takeishi,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tavecchio,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Temnikov,  P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Terauchi,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Terzić,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Teshima,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tosti,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Truzzi,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tutone,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ubach,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

van Scherpenberg,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vazquez Acosta,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ventura,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Verguilov,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Viale,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vigorito,  C.F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vitale,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vovk,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Walter,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Will,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Wunderlich,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Yamamoto,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Zarić,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

groups,  Other
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Cerruti,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Acosta-Pulido,  J.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Apolonio,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bachev,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Baloković,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Benítez,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Björklund,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bozhilov,  V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Brown,  L.F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Bugg,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Carbonell,  W.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Carnerero,  M.I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Carosati,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Casadio,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Chamani,  W.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Chen,  W.P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Chigladze,  R.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Damljanovic,  G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Epps,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Erkenov,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Feige,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Finke,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Fuentes,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gazeas,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Giroletti,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Grishina,  T.S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gupta,  A.C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Gurwell,  M.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Heidemann,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hiriart,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hou,  W.J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Hovatta,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ibryamov,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Joner,  M.D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Jorstad,  S.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kania,  J.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kiehlmann,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kimeridze,  G.N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kopatskaya,  E.N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kopp,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Korte,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kotas,  B.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Koyama,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kramer,  J.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kunkel,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kurtanidze,  S.O.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Kurtanidze,  O.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lähteenmäki,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

López,  J.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Larionov,  V.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Larionova,  E.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Larionova,  L.V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Leto,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Lorey,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mújica,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Madejski,  G.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Marchili,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Marscher,  A.P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Minev,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Modaressi,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Morozova,  D.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Mufakharov,  T.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Myserlis,  I.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nikiforova,  A.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Nikolashvili,  M.G.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Ovcharov,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Perri,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Raiteri,  C.M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Readhead,  A.C.S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Reimer,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Reinhart,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Righini,  S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Rosenlehner,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sadun,  A.C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Savchenko,  S.S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Scherbantin,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schneider,  L.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Schoch,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Seifert,  D.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Semkov,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sigua,  L.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Singh,  C.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sola,  P.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Sotnikova,  Y.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Spencer,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Steineke,  R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Stojanovic,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Strigachev,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tornikoski,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Traianou,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tramacere,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Troitskaya,  Yu.V.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Troitskiy,  I.S.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Trump,  J.B.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Tsai,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Valcheva,  A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vasilyev,  A.A.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Verrecchia,  F.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Villata,  M.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vince,  O.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Vrontaki,  K.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Weaver,  Z.R.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Zaharieva,  E.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

Zottmann,  N.
Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners;

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Citation

MAGIC collaboration, collaborations, Abe, H., Abe, S., Acciari, V., Agudo, I., et al. (2023). Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 266, 37. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acc181.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000F-1260-0
Abstract
We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multi-wavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and OVRO. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wavebands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-rays. A significant correlation ($>$3$\sigma$) between X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between Swift-XRT and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy $\gamma$-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the $\gamma$-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux ($>$0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2-year-long low-state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED towards the low-state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.