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Abstract

Combining cells, biomaterials and bioactive factors with biophysical cues to engineer cell and tissue constructs can address various applications, such as regenerative and personalized medicine, in addition to drug discovery and testing. However, challenges associated with the assembly of large, complex tissues integrating multiple cell types and functions require established technologies such as 3D printing to be combined with cell-assembly and cell-stimulation methods. Ultrasound is a potential tool for advancing tissue engineering, conferring the advantages of cytocompatibility and deep tissue penetration. In this Review, we discuss the application of ultrasound to the remote manipulation and assembly of biological building blocks, as well as the direct and indirect triggering of cellular processes, in combination with ultrasound-sensitive additives. Furthermore, we examine the role of ultrasound in tissue maturation, and in affecting the microenvironment and cell programming. Finally, we outline the challenges facing the technology and considerations for the widespread use of ultrasound in tissue engineering.