A comparison of 27 Arabidopsis thaliana genomes and the path toward an unbiased 
characterization of genetic polymorphism

Igolkina, AA; Vorbrugg, S; Rabanal, FA; Liu, H-J; Ashkenazy, H; Kornienko, AE; Fitz, J; Collenberg, M; Kubica, C; Mollá Morales, A; Jaegle, B; Wrightsman, T; Voloshin, V; Bezlepsky, AD; Llaca, V; Nizhynska, V; Reichardt, I; Bezrukov, I; Lanz, C; Bemm, F; Flood, BJ; Nemomissa, S; Hancock, A; Guo, Y-L; Kersey, P; Weigel, D; Nordborg, M

doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02293-0

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A comparison of 27 Arabidopsis thaliana genomes and the path toward an unbiased characterization of genetic polymorphism

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Vorbrugg, S
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Rabanal, FA
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons271598

Ashkenazy, H
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Fitz, J
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Collenberg, M
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Kubica, C
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Wrightsman, T
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Bezrukov, I
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons271710

Lanz, C
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons272552

Bemm, F
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Weigel, D
Department Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Igolkina, A., Vorbrugg, S., Rabanal, F., Liu, H.-J., Ashkenazy, H., Kornienko, A., et al. (2025). A comparison of 27 Arabidopsis thaliana genomes and the path toward an unbiased characterization of genetic polymorphism. Nature Genetics, 57(9), 2289-2301. doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02293-0.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000F-6088-B

Abstract

Making sense of whole-genome polymorphism data is challenging, but it is essential for overcoming the biases in SNP data. Here we analyze 27 genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana to illustrate these issues. Genome size variation is mostly due to tandem repeat regions that are difficult to assemble. However, while the rest of the genome varies little in length, it is full of structural variants, mostly due to transposon insertions. Because of this, the pangenome coordinate system grows rapidly with sample size and ultimately becomes 70% larger than the size of any single genome, even for n = 27. Finally, we show how short-read data are biased by read mapping. SNP calling is biased by the choice of reference genome, and both transcriptome and methylome profiling results are affected by mapping reads to a reference genome rather than to the genome of the assayed individual.