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Abstract

Purpose: While two-dimensional (2D) in vivo spectroscopy yields rich information and has been successfully used in clinical trials, it requires a localization scheme that minimizes the impact of chemical shift displacement on J-coupling evolution, a robust frequency drift correction and dedicated processing and quantification methods. Considering these needs this study demonstrates a novel data acquisition and an analysis pipeline to quantify 16 metabolites in mmol/kg in the human brain using a 2D J-resolved metabolite-cycled (MC) semiLASER localization sequence at 9.4 T in the human brain. Methods: Metabolite spectra were acquired in vivo using the newly developed J-resolved MC semiLASER localization sequence with maximum echo sampling (MES) at 9.4 T. In order to account for the underlying macromolecular (MM) spectra in the acquired metabolite spectra, J-resolved MM spectra were acquired using a double inversion recovery (DIR) J-resolved MC semiLASER. Spectral fitting was performed with ProFit 2.0 using a simulated basis set from VesPA tailored to 2D J-resolved semiLASER with MES. Finally, metabolite concentrations were calculated using internal water referencing. Results: Tissue concentrations for 16 metabolites in mmol/kg are reported after correcting for number of protons, tissue content, and relaxation effects of both water and metabolites at 9.4T. Quantification results of spectra considering 8 and 2 averages per TE did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: 2D spectra of metabolites acquired at 9.4T and 2D MMs acquired at any field strength are presented for the first time. Basis set simulation and quantification of metabolites for metabolite spectra acquired using maximum-echo-sampled 2D J-resolved semiLASER was performed for the first time. The sensitivity in the detection of J-coupled metabolites such as glutamine, glucose or lactate. At ultra-high field, the acquisition duration of 2D MRS can be also substantially reduced since only a very low number of averages per TE are needed.