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Journal Article

The galaxy group merger origin of the Cloverleaf odd radio circle system

MPS-Authors
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Bulbul,  E.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons20178

Zhang,  X.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons242065

Kluge,  M.
Optical and Interpretative Astronomy, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons284361

Liu,  A.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons296839

Artis,  E.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons284363

Bahar,  Y. E.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons296837

Balzer,  F.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons285974

Garrel,  C.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons247129

Ghirardini,  V.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons303631

Malavasi,  N.
Optical and Interpretative Astronomy, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons4724

Merloni,  A.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons4879

Nandra,  K.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons247131

Ramos-Ceja,  M. E.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons98842

Sanders,  J. S.
High Energy Astrophysics, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons302943

Zelmer,  S.
Optical and Interpretative Astronomy, MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Bulbul, E., Zhang, X., Kluge, M., Brueggen, M., Koribalski, B., Liu, A., et al. (2024). The galaxy group merger origin of the Cloverleaf odd radio circle system. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 685: L2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449900.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0010-30AA-8
Abstract
Odd radio circles (ORCs) are a newly discovered class of extended faint radio sources of unknown origin. We report the first detection of di ffuse X-ray gas at the location of a low-redshift ORC (z = 0.046) known as Cloverleaf ORC. This observation was performed with the XMM-Newton X-ray telescope. The physical extent of the di ffuse X-ray emission corresponds to a region of approximately 230 kpc by 160 kpc, lying perpendicular to the radio emission detected by ASKAP. The X-ray spectrum shows characteristics of thermal multiphase gas with temperatures of 1.10 +/- 0.08 keV and 0.22 +/- 0.01 keV and a central density of (4.9 +/- 0.6) x 10(-4) cm(-3), indicating that the Cloverleaf ORC resides in a low-mass galaxy group. Using X-ray observations, with hydrostatic equilibrium and isothermal assumptions, we measure the galaxy group to have a gas mass and a total mass of (7.7 +/- 0.8) x 10(11) M-circle dot and 2.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(13) M-circle dot within the overdensity radius R500. The presence of a high-velocity subgroup identified in optical data, the orientation of the brightest cluster galaxy, the disturbed morphologies of galaxies toward the east of the Cloverleaf ORC, and the irregular morphology of the X-ray emission suggest that this system is undergoing a galaxy group merger. The radio power of the ORC could be explained by the shock reacceleration of fossil cosmic rays generated by a previous episode of black hole activity in the central active galactic nucleus.