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Abstract

Ice rises hold valuable records revealing the ice dynamics and climatic history of Antarctic coastal areas from the Last Glacial Maximum to today. This history is often reconstructed from isochrone radar stratigraphy and simulations focusing on Raymond arch evolution beneath the divides. However, this relies on complex ice-flow models where many parameters are unconstrained by observations. Our study explores quad-polarimetric, phase-coherent radar data to enhance understanding near ice divides and domes, using Hammarryggen Ice Rise (HIR) as a case study. Analysing a 5 km profile intersecting the dome, we derive vertical strain rates and ice-fabric properties. These align with ice core data near the summit, increasing confidence in tracing signatures from the dome to the flanks. The Raymond effect is evident, correlating with surface strain rates and radar stratigraphy. Stability is inferred over millennia for the saddle connecting HIR to the mainland, but dome ice-fabric appears relatively young compared to 2D model predictions. In a broader context, quad-polarimetric measurements provide valuable insights into ice-flow models, particularly for anisotropic rheology. Including quad-polarimetric data advances our ability to reconstruct past ice flow dynamics and climatic history in ice rises.