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Journal Article

Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium

MPS-Authors
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Jungclaus,  J. H.       
Director’s Research Group OES, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Lorenz,  S. J.
Numerical Model Development and Data Assimilation, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Timmreck,  C.
Middle and Upper Atmosphere, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Reick,  C. H.
Global Vegetation Modelling, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Brovkin,  V.       
Climate-Biogeosphere Interaction, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons37340

Six,  K.
Ocean Biogeochemistry, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Segschneider,  J.
Ocean Biogeochemistry, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Giorgetta,  M. A.
Climate Modelling, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Pongratz,  J.       
Director’s Research Group LES, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;
IMPRS on Earth System Modelling, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Klocke,  D.       
Climate Dynamics, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;
IMPRS on Earth System Modelling, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;
Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Cloud-Climate Feedbacks, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Botzet,  M.
Director’s Research Group OES, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Esch,  M.
Climate Modelling, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Gayler,  V.       
Climate-Biogeosphere Interaction, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Haak,  H.
Director’s Research Group OES, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Raddatz,  T.
Global Vegetation Modelling, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Roeckner,  E.
Climate Modelling, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Schnur,  R.       
Global Vegetation Modelling, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Widmann,  H.
Model & Data Group, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Claussen,  M.       
Director’s Research Group LES, The Land in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;
A 2 - Climate Processes and Feedbacks, Research Area A: Climate Dynamics and Variability, The CliSAP Cluster of Excellence, External Organizations;

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Stevens,  B.       
Director’s Research Group AES, The Atmosphere in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;

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Marotzke,  J.
Director’s Research Group OES, The Ocean in the Earth System, MPI for Meteorology, Max Planck Society;
C 2 - Climate Change, Predictions, and Economy, Research Area C: Climate Change and Social Dynamics, The CliSAP Cluster of Excellence, External Organizations;

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cp-6-723-2010.pdf
(Publisher version), 12MB

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Citation

Jungclaus, J. H., Lorenz, S. J., Timmreck, C., Reick, C. H., Brovkin, V., Six, K., et al. (2010). Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium. Climate of the Past, 6, 723-737. doi:10.5194/cp-6-723-2010.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0011-F6A5-4
Abstract
A long-standing task in climate research has been to distinguish between anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability. A prerequisite for fulfilling this task is the understanding of the relative roles of external drivers and internal variability of climate and the carbon cycle. Here, we present the first ensemble simulations over the last 1200 years with a comprehensive Earth system model including a fully interactive carbon cycle. Applying up-to-date reconstructions of external forcing including the recent low-amplitude estimates of solar variations, the ensemble simulations reproduce temperature evolutions consistent with the range of reconstructions. The 20th-century warming trend stands out against all pre-industrial trends within the ensemble. Volcanic eruptions are necessary to explain variations in pre-industrial climate such as the Little Ice Age; yet only the strongest, repeated eruptions lead to cooling trends that stand out against the internal variability across all ensemble members. The simulated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exhibit a stable carbon cycle over the pre-industrial era with multi-centennial variations somewhat smaller than in the observational records. Early land-cover changes have modulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations only slightly. We provide a model-based quantification of the sensitivity (termed Υ) of the global carbon cycle to temperature for a variety of climate and forcing conditions. The magnitude of Υ agrees with a recent statistical assessment based on reconstruction data. We diagnose a distinct dependence of Υ on the forcing strength and time-scales involved, thus providing an explanation for the systematic difference in the observational estimates for different segments of the last millennium. © 2010 Author(s)