dc.publisher: BioMed Central og:image: https://images.springer.com/sgw/journals/medium/12862.jpg og:site_name: BMC Evolutionary Biology citation_reference: citation_title=The ecology of adaptive radiation; citation_author=D Schluter; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR1; citation_journal_title: BMC Evolutionary Biology og:description: Studying how trophic traits and niche use are related in natural populations is important in order to understand adaptation and specialization. Here, we describe trophic trait diversity in twenty-five Norwegian freshwater threespine stickleback populations and their putative marine ancestor, and relate trait differences to postglacial lake age. By studying lakes of different ages, depths and distance to the sea we examine key environmental variables that may predict adaptation in trophic position and habitat use. We measured trophic traits including geometric landmarks that integrated variation in head shape as well as gillraker length and number. Trophic position (Tpos) and niche use (α) were estimated from stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N). A comparison of head shape was also made with two North American benthic-limnetic species pairs. We found that head shape differed between marine and freshwater sticklebacks, with marine sticklebacks having more upturned mouths, smaller eyes, larger opercula and deeper heads. Size-adjusted gillraker lengths were larger in marine than in freshwater stickleback. Norwegian sticklebacks were compared on the same head shape axis as the one differentiating the benthic-limnetic North American threespine stickleback species pairs. Here, Norwegian freshwater sticklebacks with a more â??limnetic head shapeâ?? had more and longer gillrakers than sticklebacks with â??benthic head shapeâ??. The â??limnetic morphâ?? was positively associated with deeper lakes. Populations differed in α (meanâ??±â??sd: 0.76â??±â??0.29) and Tpos (3.47â??±â??0.27), where α increased with gillraker length. Larger fish had a higher Tpos than smaller fish. Compared to the ecologically divergent stickleback species pairs and solitary lake populations in North America, Norwegian freshwater sticklebacks had similar range in Tpos and α values, but much less trait divergences. Our results showed trait divergences between threespine stickleback in marine and freshwater environments. Freshwater populations diverged in trophic ecology and trophic traits, but trophic ecology was not related to the elapsed time in freshwater. Norwegian sticklebacks used the same niches as the ecologically divergent North American stickleback species pairs. However, as trophic trait divergences were smaller, and not strongly associated with the ecological niche, ecological adaptations along the benthic-limnetic axis were less developed in Norwegian sticklebacks. prism.issn: 1471-2148 prism.number: 1 citation_issn: 1471-2148 dc:title: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Full Text Content-Encoding: ISO-8859-1 citation_pdf_url: http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2?site=bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 citation_fulltext_world_readable: prism.rightsAgent: reprints@biomedcentral.com citation_author: Kjartan Østbye dc.date: 2016-05-13 citation_abstract_html_url: http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 citation_issue: 1 prism.volume: 16 prism.publicationName: BMC Evolutionary Biology citation_doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 dc.title: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations prism.url: http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 citation_volume: 16 dc.language: En Content-Language: en msapplication-TileImage: /static/images/mstile-144x144.9d93277a.png citation_publication_date: 2016/05/13 msapplication-config: /static/images/favicons/biomedcentral/browserconfig.xml citation_title: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations citation_author_institution: Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway theme-color: #ffffff citation_publisher: BioMed Central dc.format: text/html citation_date: 2016/05/13 title: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Full Text dc.source: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:1 dc.type: OriginalPaper dc.copyright: 2016 Østbye et al. dc.creator: Kjartan Østbye citation_fulltext_html_url: http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 prism.publicationDate: 2016-05-13 Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 journal_id: 12862 X-Parsed-By: org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser dc.description: Studying how trophic traits and niche use are related in natural populations is important in order to understand adaptation and specialization. Here, we describe trophic trait diversity in twenty-five Norwegian freshwater threespine stickleback populations and their putative marine ancestor, and relate trait differences to postglacial lake age. By studying lakes of different ages, depths and distance to the sea we examine key environmental variables that may predict adaptation in trophic position and habitat use. We measured trophic traits including geometric landmarks that integrated variation in head shape as well as gillraker length and number. Trophic position (Tpos) and niche use (?) were estimated from stable isotopes (?13C, ?15N). A comparison of head shape was also made with two North American benthic-limnetic species pairs. We found that head shape differed between marine and freshwater sticklebacks, with marine sticklebacks having more upturned mouths, smaller eyes, larger opercula and deeper heads. Size-adjusted gillraker lengths were larger in marine than in freshwater stickleback. Norwegian sticklebacks were compared on the same head shape axis as the one differentiating the benthic-limnetic North American threespine stickleback species pairs. Here, Norwegian freshwater sticklebacks with a more ?limnetic head shape? had more and longer gillrakers than sticklebacks with ?benthic head shape?. The ?limnetic morph? was positively associated with deeper lakes. Populations differed in ? (mean?±?sd: 0.76?±?0.29) and Tpos (3.47?±?0.27), where ? increased with gillraker length. Larger fish had a higher Tpos than smaller fish. Compared to the ecologically divergent stickleback species pairs and solitary lake populations in North America, Norwegian freshwater sticklebacks had similar range in Tpos and ? values, but much less trait divergences. Our results showed trait divergences between threespine stickleback in marine and freshwater environments. Freshwater populations diverged in trophic ecology and trophic traits, but trophic ecology was not related to the elapsed time in freshwater. Norwegian sticklebacks used the same niches as the ecologically divergent North American stickleback species pairs. However, as trophic trait divergences were smaller, and not strongly associated with the ecological niche, ecological adaptations along the benthic-limnetic axis were less developed in Norwegian sticklebacks. og:type: article og:title: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations prism.doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 msapplication-TileColor: #da532c citation_firstpage: 102 X-UA-Compatible: IE=edge prism.startingPage: 102 viewport: width=device-width, initial-scale=1 dc.rightsAgent: reprints@biomedcentral.com dc.identifier: 10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 prism.section: OriginalPaper dc.subject: Evolutionary Biology og:url: http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0676-2 prism.copyright: 2016 Østbye et al.