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Abstract

One of the key problems hindering practical implementation of lithium–air batteries is caused by carbon cathode chemical instability leading to low energy efficiency and short cycle life. Titanium carbide (TiC) nanopowders are considered as an alternative cathode material; however, they are intrinsically reactive toward oxygen, and its stability is controlled totally by a surface overlayers. Using photoemission spectroscopy, we show that lithium–air battery discharge product, lithium peroxide (Li₂O₂), easily oxidizes clean TiC surface. At the same time, TiC surface, which was treated by molecular oxygen under ambient conditions, shows much better stability in contact with Li₂O₂ that can be explained by the presence of a surface layer containing a significant amount of elemental carbon in addition to oxides and oxycarbides. Nevertheless, such protective coatings produced by room temperature oxidation are not practically useful as one of its components, elemental carbon, is oxidized in the presence of lithium–air battery discharge intermediates. These results are of critical importance in understanding of TiC surface chemistry and in design of stable lithium–air battery electrodes. We postulate that dense, uniform, carbon-free titanium dioxide surface layers of 2–3 nm thickness on TiC will be a promising solution, and thus further efforts should be taken for developing synthetic protocols enabling preparation of TiO₂/TiC core–shell structures.