The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward

Hille, Frank; Richter, Hagen; Wong, Shi Pey; Bratovič, Majda; Ressel, Sarah; Charpentier, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032

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The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward

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Citation

Hille, F., Richter, H., Wong, S. P., Bratovič, M., Ressel, S., & Charpentier, E. (2018). The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward. Cell, 172(6), 1239-1259. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0008-7C68-9

Abstract

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system against phages and other foreign genetic elements. Here, we review the biology of the diverse CRISPR-Cas systems and the major progress achieved in recent years in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the three stages of CRISPR-Cas immunity: adaptation, crRNA biogenesis, and interference. The ecology and regulation of CRISPR-Cas in the context of phage infection, the roles of these systems beyond immunity, and the open questions that propel the field forward are also discussed.