(a) Average of the raw modulation data of the region shown in Fig. 1a (Diffraction limited resolution). (b) Modulation amplitude along the polarization direction determined from a simple sinusoidal fit. (c) Raw SPoD data along the line profiles shown in (a) and (b). Scale bars, 300nm.

(a) Average of the raw modulation data of data in Fig. 2d in Hafi et al.² (Diffraction-limited resolution). (b) Deconvolved images using the SPEED algorithm with (top) and without (bottom) taking modulation information into account, respectively. (c) Raw ExPAN modulation data along the line profile in (a). (d) Intensity profile plots along the dotted line of the diffraction-limited data in (a) (black), the SPEED deconvolution with modulation (b, top) (blue) and the SPEED deconvolution without modulation (b, bottom) (orange), respectively. Scale bars, 200 nm.

Richardson-Lucy (RL) deconvolution (left column), deconvolution by the SPEED algorithm of Hafi et al. for different values of the λ₁ sparsity parameter (second to fourth columns) after 200 iterations (a) or 520 iterations (b). All other parameters as specified in the Supplementary Software package of Hafi et al.². (c) FWHMs (after linear interpolation) of the spine neck (dotted lines in (a, b)) of the deconvolved data as function of the number of iterations performed in each deconvolution algorithm. Scale bars, 1 μm.