date: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z pdf:unmappedUnicodeCharsPerPage: 0 pdf:PDFVersion: 1.7 pdf:docinfo:title: Testing the Deliberate Practice Theory: Does Practice Reduce the Heritability of Musical Expertise? xmp:CreatorTool: LaTeX with hyperref Keywords: skills; training; music; expertise; deliberate practice theory; behaviour genetics access_permission:modify_annotations: true access_permission:can_print_degraded: true subject: The deliberate practice (DP) theory claims that expertise essentially reflects the accumulated amount of deliberate practice, and that with sufficient practice, genetic influences on expertise will be bypassed. Thus, a core prediction of the DP theory is that genetic effects on performance decrease as a function of practice. Here, we test this prediction using music as a model domain. Musical expertise (measured with a musical auditory discrimination test) and lifetime practice hours were determined in 6471 twins including 1302 complete twin pairs. We fitted a bivariate Cholesky decomposition with practice hours as a moderator to determine to what extent genetic and environmental influences on musical expertise are influenced by practice hours. On average, 50% of individual differences in musical expertise were due to genetic influences, whereas shared environmental and residual influences each explained about 25%. Importantly, music practice significantly moderated these estimates. Variation in musical expertise decreased with more practice hours due to decreased shared environmental and residual variance. In contrast, the overall genetic component was unaffected by the number of practice hours. Consequently, the relative genetic contribution (heritability) increased with more practice hours. These findings are in contrast with predictions from the DP theory and suggest that genetic predisposition remains important for musical expertise even after prolonged practice. dc:creator: Miriam A. Mosing, Karin J. H. Verweij, David Z. Hambrick, Nancy L. Pedersen and Fredrik Ullén dcterms:created: 2024-09-10T01:13:22Z Last-Modified: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z dcterms:modified: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z dc:format: application/pdf; version=1.7 title: Testing the Deliberate Practice Theory: Does Practice Reduce the Heritability of Musical Expertise? Last-Save-Date: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z pdf:docinfo:creator_tool: LaTeX with hyperref access_permission:fill_in_form: true pdf:docinfo:keywords: skills; training; music; expertise; deliberate practice theory; behaviour genetics pdf:docinfo:modified: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z meta:save-date: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z pdf:encrypted: false dc:title: Testing the Deliberate Practice Theory: Does Practice Reduce the Heritability of Musical Expertise? modified: 2024-09-10T01:16:48Z cp:subject: The deliberate practice (DP) theory claims that expertise essentially reflects the accumulated amount of deliberate practice, and that with sufficient practice, genetic influences on expertise will be bypassed. Thus, a core prediction of the DP theory is that genetic effects on performance decrease as a function of practice. Here, we test this prediction using music as a model domain. Musical expertise (measured with a musical auditory discrimination test) and lifetime practice hours were determined in 6471 twins including 1302 complete twin pairs. We fitted a bivariate Cholesky decomposition with practice hours as a moderator to determine to what extent genetic and environmental influences on musical expertise are influenced by practice hours. On average, 50% of individual differences in musical expertise were due to genetic influences, whereas shared environmental and residual influences each explained about 25%. Importantly, music practice significantly moderated these estimates. Variation in musical expertise decreased with more practice hours due to decreased shared environmental and residual variance. In contrast, the overall genetic component was unaffected by the number of practice hours. Consequently, the relative genetic contribution (heritability) increased with more practice hours. These findings are in contrast with predictions from the DP theory and suggest that genetic predisposition remains important for musical expertise even after prolonged practice. pdf:docinfo:subject: The deliberate practice (DP) theory claims that expertise essentially reflects the accumulated amount of deliberate practice, and that with sufficient practice, genetic influences on expertise will be bypassed. Thus, a core prediction of the DP theory is that genetic effects on performance decrease as a function of practice. Here, we test this prediction using music as a model domain. Musical expertise (measured with a musical auditory discrimination test) and lifetime practice hours were determined in 6471 twins including 1302 complete twin pairs. We fitted a bivariate Cholesky decomposition with practice hours as a moderator to determine to what extent genetic and environmental influences on musical expertise are influenced by practice hours. On average, 50% of individual differences in musical expertise were due to genetic influences, whereas shared environmental and residual influences each explained about 25%. Importantly, music practice significantly moderated these estimates. Variation in musical expertise decreased with more practice hours due to decreased shared environmental and residual variance. In contrast, the overall genetic component was unaffected by the number of practice hours. Consequently, the relative genetic contribution (heritability) increased with more practice hours. These findings are in contrast with predictions from the DP theory and suggest that genetic predisposition remains important for musical expertise even after prolonged practice. Content-Type: application/pdf pdf:docinfo:creator: Miriam A. Mosing, Karin J. H. Verweij, David Z. Hambrick, Nancy L. Pedersen and Fredrik Ullén X-Parsed-By: org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser creator: Miriam A. Mosing, Karin J. H. Verweij, David Z. Hambrick, Nancy L. Pedersen and Fredrik Ullén meta:author: Miriam A. Mosing, Karin J. H. Verweij, David Z. Hambrick, Nancy L. Pedersen and Fredrik Ullén dc:subject: skills; training; music; expertise; deliberate practice theory; behaviour genetics meta:creation-date: 2024-09-10T01:13:22Z created: 2024-09-10T01:13:22Z access_permission:extract_for_accessibility: true access_permission:assemble_document: true xmpTPg:NPages: 14 Creation-Date: 2024-09-10T01:13:22Z pdf:charsPerPage: 3949 access_permission:extract_content: true access_permission:can_print: true meta:keyword: skills; training; music; expertise; deliberate practice theory; behaviour genetics Author: Miriam A. Mosing, Karin J. H. Verweij, David Z. Hambrick, Nancy L. Pedersen and Fredrik Ullén producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 access_permission:can_modify: true pdf:docinfo:producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 pdf:docinfo:created: 2024-09-10T01:13:22Z