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Various atmospheric sources and sinks regulate the abundance of tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) which is an important trace gas impacting the HOx (≡ HO2 + OH) budget and the concentration of ozone (O3). In this study, we present the formation and destruction terms of ambient HCHO and O3 calculated from in-situ observations of various atmospheric trace gases measured at three different sites across Europe during summer time. These include a coastal site in Cyprus in the scope of the Cyprus Photochemistry Experiment (CYPHEX) in 2014, a mountain site in Southern Germany as part of the Hohenpeißenberg Photochemistry Experiment (HOPE) in 2012 and a forested site in Finland where measurements were performed during the Hyytiälä United Measurements of Photochemistry and Particles (HUMPPA) campaign in 2010. We show that at all three sites formaldehyde production from the OH oxidation of methane (CH4), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), isoprene (C5H8) and methanol (CH3OH) can almost completely balance the observed loss via photolysis, OH oxidation and dry deposition. Ozone chemistry is clearly controlled by nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) that includes O3 production from NO2 photolysis and O3 loss via the reaction with NO. Finally, we use the HCHO budget calculations to determine whether net ozone production is limited by the availability of VOCs (VOC limited regime) or NOx (NOx limited regime). At the mountain site in Germany O3 production is VOC limited, whereas it is NOx limited at the coastal site in Cyprus. The forested site in Finland is in the transition regime.
