Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO-Virgo 
Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration; The Virgo Collaboration; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, A.; Adams, C.; Adhikari, R. X.; Adya, V. B.; Affeldt, C.; Agathos, M.; Agatsuma, K.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O. D.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Allen, G.; Allocca, A.; Altin, P. A.; Amato, A.; Anand, S.; Ananyeva, A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Angelova, S. V.; Ansoldi, S.; Antelis, J. M.; Antier, S.; Appert, S.; Arai, K.; Araya, M. C.; Areeda, J. S.; Arène, M.; Arnaud, N.; Aronson, S. M.; Arun, K. G.; Asali, Y.; Ascenzi, S.; Ashton, G.; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Aubin, F.; Aufmuth, P.; AultONeal, K.; Austin, C.; Avendano, V.; Babak, S.; Badaracco, F.; Bader, M. K. M.; Bae, S.; Baer, A. M.; Bagnasco, S.; Baird, J.; Ball, M.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Bals, A.; Balsamo, A.; Baltus, G.; Banagiri, S.; Bankar, D.; Bankar, R. S.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barbieri, C.; Barish, B. C.; Barker, D.; Barneo, P.; Barnum, S.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barta, D.; Bartlett, J.; Bartos, I.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Bawaj, M.; Bayley, J. C.; Bazzan, M.; Becher, B. R.; Bécsy, B.; Bedakihale, V. M.; Bejger, M.; Belahcene, I.; Beniwal, D.; Benjamin, M. G.; Bennett, T. F.; Bentley, J. D.; Bergamin, F.; Berger, B. K.; Bergmann, G.; Bernuzzi, S.; Berry, C. P. L.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertolini, A.; Betzwieser, J.; Bhandare, R.; Bhandari, A. V.; Bhattacharjee, D.; Bidler, J.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Birney, R.; Birnholtz, O.; Biscans, S.; Bischi, M.; Biscoveanu, S.; Bisht, A.; Bitossi, M.; Bizouard, M. -A.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blackman, J.; Blair, C. D.; Blair, D. G.; Blair, R. M.; Blanch, O.; Bobba, F.; Bode, N.; Boer, M.; Boetzel, Y.; Bogaert, G.; Boldrini, M.; Bondu, F.; Bonilla, E.; Bonnand, R.; Booker , P.; Boom, B. A.; Bork, R.; Boschi, V.; Bose, S.; Bossilkov, V.; Boudart, V.; Bouffanais, Y.; Bozzi, A.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Bramley, A.; Branchesi, M.; Brau, J. E.; Breschi, M.; Briant, T.; Briggs, J. H.; Brighenti, F.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brockill, P.; Brooks, A. F.; Brooks, J.; Brown, D. D.; Brunett, S.; Bruno, G.; Bruntz, R.; Buikema, A.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Buscicchio, R.; Buskulic, D.; Byer, R. L.; Cabero, M.; Cadonati, L.; Caesar, M.; Cagnoli, G.; Cahillane, C.; Bustillo, J. Calderón; Callaghan, J. D.; Callister, T. A.; Calloni, E.; Camp, J. B.; Canepa, M.; Cannon, K. C.; Cao, H.; Cao, J.; Carapella, G.; Carbognani, F.; Carney, M. F.; Carpinelli, M.; Carullo, G.; Carver, T. L.; Diaz, J. Casanueva; Casentini, C.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalier, F.; Cavalieri, R.; Cella, G.; Cerdá-Durán, P.; Cesarini, E.; Chaibi, W.; Chakravarti, K.; Chan, C. -L.; Chan, C.; Chandra, K.; Chanial, P.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chase, E. A.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chatterjee, D.; Chattopadhyay, D.; Chaturvedi, M.; Chatziioannou, K.; Chen, A.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H. -P.; Cheong, C. K.; Chia, H. Y.; Chiadini, F.; Chierici, R.; Chincarini, A.; Chiummo, A.; Cho, G.; Cho, H. S.; Cho, M.; Choate, S.; Christensen, N.; Chu, Q.; Chua, S.; Chung, K. W.; Chung, S.; Ciani, G.; Ciecielag, P.; Cieślar, M.; Cifaldi, M.; Ciobanu, A. A.; Ciolfi, R.; Cipriano, F.; Cirone, A.; Clara, F.; Clark, E. N.; Clark, J. A.; Clarke, L.; Clearwater, P.; Clesse, S.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Cohadon, P. -F.; Cohen, D. E.; Colleoni, M.; Collette, C. G.; Collins, C.; Colpi, M.; Constancio, M.; Conti, L.; Cooper, S. J.; Corban, P.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cordero-Carrión, I.; Corezzi, S.; Corley, K. R.; Cornish, N.; Corre, D.; Corsi, A.; Cortese, S.; Costa, C. A.; Cotesta, R.; Coughlin, M. W.; Coughlin, S. B.; Coulon, J. -P.; Countryman, S. T.; Couvares, P.; Covas, P. B.; Coward, D. M.; Cowart, M. J.; Coyne, D. C.; Coyne, R.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Creighton, T. D.; Croquette, M.; Crowder, S. G.; Cudell, J. R.; Cullen, T. J.; Cumming, A.; Cummings, R.; Cunningham, L.; Cuoco, E.; Curylo, M.; Dal Canton, T.; Dálya, G.; Dana, A.; DaneshgaranBajastani, L. M.; D'Angelo, B.; Danilishin, S. L.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Darsow-Fromm, C.; Dasgupta, A.; Datrier, L. E. H.; Dattilo, V.; Dave, I.; Davier, M.; Davies, G. S.; Davis, D.; Daw, E. J.; Dean, R.; DeBra, D.; Deenadayalan, M.; Degallaix, J.; De Laurentis, M.; Deléglise, S.; Del Favero, V.; De Lillo, F.; De Lillo, N.; Del Pozzo, W.; DeMarchi, L. M.; De Matteis, F.; D'Emilio, V.; Demos, N.; Denker, T.; Dent, T.; Depasse, A.; De Pietri, R.; De Rosa, R.; De Rossi, C.; DeSalvo, R.; de Varona , O.; Dhurandhar, S.; Díaz, M. C.; Diaz-Ortiz, M.; Didio, N. A.; Dietrich, T.; Di Fiore, L.; DiFronzo, C.; Di Giorgio, C.; Di Giovanni, F.; Di Giovanni, M.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Lieto, A.; Ding, B.; Di Pace, S.; Di Palma, I.; Di Renzo, F.; Divakarla, A. K.; Dmitriev, A.; Doctor, Z.; D'Onofrio, L.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Doravari, S.; Dorrington, I.; Downes, T. P.; Drago, M.; Driggers, J. C.; Du, Z.; Ducoin, J. -G.; Dupej, P.; Durante, O.; D'Urso, D.; Duverne, P. -A.; Dwyer, S. E.; Easter, P. J.; Eddolls, G.; Edelman, B.; Edo, T. B.; Edy, O.; Effler, A.; Eichholz, J.; Eikenberry, S. S.; Eisenmann, M.; Eisenstein, R. A.; Ejlli, A.; Errico, L.; Essick, R. C.; Estellés, H.; Estevez, D.; Etienne, Z. B.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evans, T. M.; Ewing, B. E.; Fafone, V.; Fair, H.; Fairhurst, S.; Fan, X.; Farah, A. M.; Farinon, S.; Farr, B.; Farr, W. M.; Fauchon-Jones, E. J.; Favata, M.; Fays, M.; Fazio, M.; Feicht, J.; Fejer, M. M.; Feng, F.; Fenyvesi, E.; Ferguson, D. L.; Fernandez-Galiana, A.; Ferrante, I.; Ferreira, T. A.; Fidecaro, F.; Figura, P.; Fiori, I.; Fiorucci, D.; Fishbach, M.; Fisher, R. P.; Fishner, J. M.; Fittipaldi, R.; Fitz-Axen, M.; Fiumara, V.; Flaminio, R.; Floden, E.; Flynn, E.; Fong, H.; Font, J. A.; Forsyth, P. W. F.; Fournier, J. -D.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Frey, V.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fronzé, G. G.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gabbard, H. A.; Gadre, B.; Gaebel, S. M.; Gair, J.; Gais, J.; Galaudage, S.; Gamba, R.; Ganapathy, D.; Ganguly, A.; Gaonkar, S. G.; Garaventa, B.; García-Quirós, C.; Garufi, F.; Gateley, B.; Gaudio, S.; Gayathri, V.; Gemme, G.; Gennai, A.; George, D.; George, J.; Gergely, L.; Ghonge, S.; Ghosh, Abhirup; Ghosh, Archisman; Ghosh, S.; Giacomazzo, B.; Giacoppo, L.; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Gibson, D. R.; Gier, C.; Gill, K.; Giri, P.; Glanzer, J.; Gleckl, A. E.; Godwin, P.; Goetz, E.; Goetz, R.; Gohlke, N.; Goncharov, B.; González, G.; Gopakumar, A.; Gossan, S. E.; Gosselin, M.; Gouaty, R.; Grace, B.; Grado, A.; Granata, M.; Granata, V.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Grassia, P.; Gray, C.; Gray, R.; Greco, G.; Green, A. C.; Green, R.; Gretarsson, E. M.; Griggs, H. L.; Grignani, G.; Grimaldi, A.; Grimes, E.; Grimm, S. J.; Grote, H.; Grunewald, S.; Gruning, P.; Guerrero, J. G.; Guidi, G. M.; Guimaraes, A. R.; Guixé, G.; Gulati, H. K.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, Anchal; Gupta, Anuradha; Gupta, P.; Gustafson, E. K.; Gustafson, R.; Guzman, F.; Haegel, L.; Halim, O.; Hall, E. D.; Hamilton, E. Z.; Hammond, G.; Haney, M.; Hanke, M. M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hannuksela, O. A.; Hansen, H.; Hansen, T. J.; Hanson, J.; Harder, T.; Hardwick, T.; Haris, K.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Hartwig, D.; Hasskew, R. K.; Haster, C. -J.; Haughian, K.; Hayes, F. J.; Healy, J.; Heidmann, A.; Heintze, M. C.; Heinze, J.; Heinzel, J.; Heitmann, H.; Hellman, F.; Hello, P.; Helmling-Cornell, A. F.; Hemming, G.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Hennes, E.; Hennig, J.-S.; Hennig , M. H.; Vivanco, F. Hernandez; Heurs, M.; Hild, S.; Hill, P.; Hines, A. S.; Hochheim , S.; Hofgard, E.; Hofman, D.; Hohmann, J. N.; Holgado, A. M.; Holland, N. A.; Hollows, I. J.; Holmes, Z. J.; Holt, K.; Holz, D. E.; Hopkins, P.; Horst, C.; Hough, J.; Howell, E. J.; Hoy, C. G.; Hoyland, D.; Huang, Y.; Hübner, M. T.; Huddart, A. D.; Huerta, E. A.; Hughey, B.; Hui, V.; Husa, S.; Huttner, S. H.; Hutzler, B. M.; Huxford, R.; Huynh-Dinh, T.; Idzkowski, B.; Iess, A.; Imperato, S.; Inchauspe, H.; Ingram, C.; Intini, G.; Isi, M.; Iyer, B. R.; JaberianHamedan, V.; Jacqmin, T.; Jadhav, S. J.; Jadhav, S. P.; James, A. L.; Jani, K.; Janssens, K.; Janthalur, N. N.; Jaranowski, P.; Jariwala, D.; Jaume, R.; Jenkins, A. C.; Jeunon, M.; Jiang, J.; Johns, G. R.; Jones, A. W.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, J. D.; Jones, P.; Jones, R.; Jonker, R. J. G.; Ju, L.; Junker, J.; Kalaghatgi, C. V.; Kalogera, V.; Kamai, B.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kanner, J. B.; Kapadia, S. J.; Kapasi, D. P.; Karathanasis, C.; Karki, S.; Kashyap, R.; Kasprzack, M.; Kastaun, W.; Katsanevas, S.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kawabe, K.; Kéfélian, F.; Keitel, D.; Key, J. S.; Khadka, S.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khan, I.; Khan, S.; Khazanov, E. A.; Khetan, N.; Kijbunchoo, N.; Kim, C.; Kim, G. J.; Kim, J. C.; Kim, K.; Kim, W. S.; Kim, Y. -M.; Kimball, C.; King, P. J.; Kinley-Hanlon, M.; Kirchhoff, R.; Kissel, J. S.; Kleybolte, L.; Klimenko, S.; Knowles, T. D.; Knyazev, E.; Koch, P.; Koehlenbeck, S.; Koekoek, G.; Koley, S.; Kolstein, M.; Komori, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Kontos, A.; Koper, N.; Korobko, M.; Korth, W. Z.; Kovalam, M.; Kozak, D. B.; Krämer, C.; Kringel, V.; Krishnendu , N. V.; Królak, A.; Kuehn, G.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, Rahul; Kumar, Rakesh; Kuns, K.; Kwang, S.; Lackey, B. D.; Laghi, D.; Lalande, E.; Lam, T. L.; Lamberts, A.; Landry, M.; Lane, B. B.; Lang, R. N.; Lange, J.; Lantz, B.; Lanza, R. K.; La Rosa, I.; Lartaux-Vollard, A.; Lasky, P. D.; Laxen, M.; Lazzarini, A.; Lazzaro, C.; Leaci, P.; Leavey, S.; Lecoeuche, Y. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, H. W.; Lee, J.; Lee, K.; Lehmann, J.; Leon, E.; Leroy, N.; Letendre, N.; Levin, Y.; Li, A.; Li, J.; Li, K. J. L.; Li, T. G. F.; Li, X.; Linde, F.; Linker, S. D.; Linley, J. N.; Littenberg, T. B.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Llorens-Monteagudo, M.; Lo, R. K. L.; Lockwood, A.; London, L. T.; Longo, A.; Lorenzini, M.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lough, J.; Lousto, C. O.; Lovelace, G.; Lück, H.; Lumaca, D.; Lundgren, A. P.; Ma, Y.; Macas, R.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; MacMillan, I. A. O.; Macquet, A.; Hernandez, I. Magaña; Magaña-Sandoval, F.; Magazzù, C.; Magee, R. M.; Majorana, E.; Maksimovic, I.; Maliakal, S.; Malik, A.; Man, N.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Mansell, G. L.; Manske, M.; Mantovani, M.; Mapelli, M.; Marchesoni, F.; Marion, F.; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Markakis, C.; Markosyan, A. S.; Markowitz, A.; Maros, E.; Marquina, A.; Marsat, S.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinez, M.; Martinez, V.; Martynov, D. V.; Masalehdan, H.; Mason, K.; Massera, E.; Masserot, A.; Massinger, T. J.; Masso-Reid, M.; Mastrogiovanni, S.; Matas, A.; Mateu-Lucena, M.; Matichard, F.; Matiushechkina, M.; Mavalvala, N.; Maynard, E.; McCann, J. J.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McCormick, S.; McCuller, L.; McGuire, S. C.; McIsaac, C.; McIver, J.; McManus, D. J.; McRae, T.; McWilliams, S. T.; Meacher, D.; Meadors, G. D.; Mehmet, M.; Mehta, A. K.; Melatos, A.; Melchor, D. A.; Mendell, G.; Menendez-Vazquez, A.; Mercer, R. A.; Mereni, L.; Merfeld, K.; Merilh, E. L.; Merritt, J. D.; Merzougui, M.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Messick, C.; Metzdorff, R.; Meyers, P. M.; Meylahn, F.; Mhaske, A.; Miani, A.; Miao, H.; Michaloliakos, I.; Michel, C.; Middleton, H.; Milano, L.; Miller, A. L.; Miller, S.; Millhouse, M.; Mills, J. C.; Milotti, E.; Milovich-Goff, M. C.; Minazzoli, O.; Minenkov, Y.; Mir, Ll. M.; Mishkin, A.; Mishra, C.; Mistry, T.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Mo, G.; Mogushi, K.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Mohite, S. R.; Molina, I.; Molina-Ruiz, M.; Mondin, M.; Montani, M.; Moore, C. J.; Moraru, D.; Morawski, F.; Moreno, G.; Morisaki, S.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Mozzon, S.; Muciaccia, F.; Mukherjee, Arunava; Mukherjee, D.; Mukherjee, Soma; Mukherjee, Subroto; Mukund, N.; Mullavey, A.; Munch, J.; Muñiz, E. A.; Murray, P. G.; Nadji, S. L.; Nagar, A.; Nardecchia, I.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R. K.; Neil, B. F.; Neilson, J.; Nelemans, G.; Nelson, T. J. N.; Nery, M.; Neunzert, A.; Ng, K. Y.; Ng, S.; Nguyen, C.; Nguyen, P.; Nguyen, T.; Nichols, S. A.; Nissanke, S.; Nocera, F.; Noh, M.; North, C.; Nothard, D.; Nuttall, L. K.; Oberling, J.; O'Brien, B. D.; O'Dell, J.; Oganesyan, G.; Ogin, G. H.; Oh, J. J.; Oh, S. H.; Ohme, F.; Ohta, H.; Okada, M. A.; Olivetto, C.; Oppermann, P.; Oram, R. J.; O'Reilly, B.; Ormiston, R. G.; Ormsby, N.; Ortega, L. F.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Ossokine, S.; Osthelder, C.; Ottaway, D. J.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Pace, A. E.; Pagano, G.; Page, M. A.; Pagliaroli, G.; Pai, A.; Pai, S. A.; Palamos, J. R.; Palashov, O.; Palomba, C.; Pan, H.; Panda, P. K.; Pang, T. H.; Pankow, C.; Pannarale, F.; Pant, B. C.; Paoletti, F.; Paoli, A.; Paolone, A.; Parker, W.; Pascucci, D.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passuello, D.; Patel, M.; Patricelli, B.; Payne, E.; Pechsiri, T. C.; Pedraza, M.; Pegoraro, M.; Pele, A.; Penn, S.; Perego, A.; Perez, C. J.; Périgois, C.; Perreca, A.; Perriès, S.; Petermann, J.; Petterson, D.; Pfeiffer, H.; Pham, K. A.; Phukon, K. S.; Piccinni, O. J.; Pichot, M.; Piendibene, M.; Piergiovanni, F.; Pierini, L.; Pierro, V.; Pillant, G.; Pilo, F.; Pinard, L.; Pinto, I. M.; Piotrzkowski, K.; Pirello, M.; Pitkin, M.; Placidi, E.; Plastino, W.; Pluchar, C.; Poggiani, R.; Polini, E.; Pong, D. Y. T.; Ponrathnam, S.; Popolizio, P.; Porter, E. K.; Poverman, A.; Powell, J.; Pracchia, M.; Prajapati, A. K.; Prasai, K.; Prasanna, R.; Pratten, G.; Prestegard, T.; Principe, M.; Prodi, G. A.; Prokhorov, L.; Prosposito, P.; Puecher, A.; Punturo, M.; Puosi, F.; Puppo, P.; Pürrer, M.; Qi, H.; Quetschke, V.; Quinonez, P. J.; Quitzow-James, R.; Raab, F. J.; Raaijmakers, G.; Radkins, H.; Radulesco, N.; Raffai, P.; Rafferty, H.; Rail, S. X.; Raja, S.; Rajan, C.; Rajbhandari, B.; Rakhmanov, M.; Ramirez, K. E.; Ramirez, T. D.; Ramos-Buades, A.; Rana, J.; Rao, K.; Rapagnani, P.; Rapol, U. D.; Ratto, B.; Raymond, V.; Razzano, M.; Read, J.; Regimbau, T.; Rei, L.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D. H.; Rettegno, P.; Ricci, F.; Richardson, C. J.; Richardson, J. W.; Richardson, L.; Ricker, P. M.; Riemenschneider, G.; Riles, K.; Rizzo, M.; Robertson, N. A.; Robinet, F.; Rocchi, A.; Rocha, J. A.; Rodriguez, S.; Rodriguez-Soto, R. D.; Rolland, L.; Rollins, J. G.; Roma, V. J.; Romanelli, M.; Romano, R.; Romel, C. L.; Romero, A.; Romero-Shaw, I. M.; Romie, J. H.; Ronchini, S.; Rose, C. A.; Rose, D.; Rose, K.; Rosell, M. J. B.; Rosińska, D.; Rosofsky, S. G.; Ross, M. P.; Rowan, S.; Rowlinson, S. J.; Roy, Santosh; Roy, Soumen; Ruggi, P.; Ryan, K.; Sachdev, S.; Sadecki, T.; Sadiq, J.; Sakellariadou, M.; Salafia, O. S.; Salconi, L.; Saleem, M.; Samajdar, A.; Sanchez, E. J.; Sanchez, J. H.; Sanchez, L. E.; Sanchis-Gual, N.; Sanders, J. R.; Santiago, K. A.; Santos, E.; Saravanan, T. R.; Sarin, N.; Sassolas, B.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Sauter, O.; Savage, R. L.; Savant, V.; Sawant, D.; Sayah, S.; Schaetzl, D.; Schale, P.; Scheel, M.; Scheuer, J.; Schindler-Tyka, A.; Schmidt, P.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R. M. S.; Schönbeck, A.; Schreiber, E.; Schulte, B.; Schutz , B. F.; Schwarm, O.; Schwartz, E.; Scott, J.; Scott, S. M.; Seglar-Arroyo, M.; Seidel, E.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A. S.; Sennett, N.; Sentenac, D.; Sequino, V.; Sergeev, A.; Setyawati, Y. E.; Shaffer, T.; Shahriar, M. S.; Sharifi, S.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, P.; Shawhan, P.; Shen, H.; Shikauchi, M.; Shink, R.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Shoemaker, D. M.; Shukla, K.; ShyamSundar, S.; Sieniawska, M.; Sigg, D.; Singer, L. P.; Singh, D.; Singh, N.; Singha, A.; Singhal, A.; Sintes, A. M.; Sipala, V.; Skliris, V.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Slaven-Blair, T. J.; Smetana, J.; Smith, J. R.; Smith, R. J. E.; Somala, S. N.; Son, E. J.; Soni, S.; Sorazu, B.; Sordini, V.; Sorrentino, F.; Sorrentino, N.; Soulard, R.; Souradeep, T.; Sowell, E.; Spencer, A. P.; Spera, M.; Srivastava, A. K.; Srivastava, V.; Staats, K.; Stachie, C.; Steer, D. A.; Steinke, M.; Steinlechner, J.; Steinlechner, S.; Steinmeyer, D.; Stevenson, S. P.; Stolle-McAllister, G.; Stops, D. J.; Stover, M.; Strain, K. A.; Stratta, G.; Strunk, A.; Sturani, R.; Stuver, A. L.; Südbeck, J.; Sudhagar, S.; Sudhir, V.; Suh, H. G.; Summerscales, T. Z.; Sun, H.; Sun, L.; Sunil, S.; Sur, A.; Suresh, J.; Sutton, P. J.; Swinkels, B. L.; Szczepańczyk, M. J.; Tacca, M.; Tait, S. C.; Talbot, C.; Tanasijczuk, A. J.; Tanner, D. B.; Tao, D.; Tapia, A.; Martin, E. N. Tapia San; Tasson, J. D.; Taylor, R.; Tenorio, R.; Terkowski, L.; Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.; Thomas, L.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, P.; Thompson, J. E.; Thondapu, S. R.; Thorne, K. A.; Thrane, E.; Tiwari, Shubhanshu; Tiwari, Srishti; Tiwari, V.; Toland, K.; Tolley, A. E.; Tonelli, M.; Tornasi, Z.; Torres-Forne, A.; Torrie, C. I.; Melo, I. Tosta e; Töyrä, D.; Tran, A. T.; Trapananti, A.; Travasso, F.; Traylor, G.; Tringali, M. C.; Tripathee, A.; Trovato, A.; Trudeau, R. J.; Tsai, D. S.; Tsang, K. W.; Tse, M.; Tso, R.; Tsukada, L.; Tsuna, D.; Tsutsui, T.; Turconi, M.; Ubhi, A. S.; Udall, R. P.; Ueno, K.; Ugolini, D.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Urban, A. L.; Usman, S. A.; Utina, A. C.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vajente, G.; Vajpeyi, A.; Valdes, G.; Valentini, M.; Valsan, V.; van Bakel, N.; van Beuzekom, M.; Brand, J. F. J. van den; Broeck, C. Van Den; Vander-Hyde, D. C.; van der Schaaf, L.; van Heijningen, J. V.; Vardaro, M.; Vargas, A. F.; Varma, V.; Vass, S.; Vasúth, M.; Vecchio, A.; Vedovato, G.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P. J.; Venkateswara, K.; Venneberg, J.; Venugopalan, G.; Verkindt, D.; Verma, Y.; Veske, D.; Vetrano, F.; Viceré, A.; Viets, A. D.; Villa-Ortega, V.; Vinet, J. -Y.; Vitale, S.; Vo, T.; Vocca, H.; Vorvick, C.; Vyatchanin, S. P.; Wade, A. R.; Wade, L. E.; Wade, M.; Walet, R. C.; Walker, M.; Wallace, G. S.; Wallace, L.; Walsh, S.; Wang, J. Z.; Wang, S.; Wang, W. H.; Wang, Y. F.; Ward, R. L.; Warner, J.; Was, M.; Washington, N. Y.; Watchi, J.; Weaver, B.; Wei, L.-W.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Weiss, R.; Wellmann, F.; Wen, L.; Weßels , P.; Westhouse, J. W.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J. T.; White, D. D.; White, L. V.; Whiting, B. F.; Whittle, C.; Wilken, D.; Williams, D.; Williams, M. J.; Williamson, A. R.; Willis, J. L.; Willke, B.; Wilson, D. J.; Wimmer, M. H.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C. C.; Woan, G.; Woehler, J.; Wofford, J. K.; Wong, I. C. F.; Wrangel, J. v.; Wright, J. L.; Wu, D.; Wysocki, D. M.; Xiao, L.; Yamamoto, H.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yap, M. J.; Yeeles, D. W.; Yoon, A.; Yu, Hang; Yu, Haocun; Yuen, S. H. R.; Zadrożny, A.; Zanolin, M.; Zelenova, T.; Zendri, J. -P.; Zevin, M.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, T.; Zhao, C.; Zhao, G.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, Z.; Zhu, X. J.; Zimmerman, A. B.; Zucker, M. E.; Zweizig, J.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe949

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Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

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/persons/resource/persons40422

Affeldt, C.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40424

Aufmuth, P.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231077

Bergamin, F.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104891

Bergmann, G.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons226605

Bisht, A.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206562

Bode, N.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Booker , P.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40432

Brinkmann, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons127862

Buonanno, A.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206564

Cabero, M.
Observational Relativity and Cosmology, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons226619

Cotesta, R.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Dal Canton, T.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40437

Danzmann, K.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104893

Denker, T.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

de Varona , O.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231042

Gadre, B.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons238174

Gair, J.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231044

Ghosh, Abhirup
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231089

Gohlke, N.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons20658

Grunewald, S.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231099

Heinze, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons230632

Hennig, J.-S.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Hennig , M. H.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons4315

Heurs, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Hochheim , S.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons202939

Junker, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons216263

Kastaun, W.
Binary Merger Observations and Numerical Relativity, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206583

Kirchhoff, R.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206587

Koehlenbeck, S.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons230636

Koper, N.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40466

Krämer, C.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40468

Kringel, V.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Krishnendu , N. V.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons1458

Kuehn, G.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons226610

Leavey, S.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206589

Lehmann, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231131

Liu, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206591

Lough, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40475

Lück, H.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons228204

Matas, A.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231135

Matiushechkina, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40477

Mehmet, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons252872

Mehta, A. K.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231141

Meylahn, F.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231145

Mukund, N.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231127

Nadji, S. L.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206610

Nery, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons4364

Ohme, F.
Binary Merger Observations and Numerical Relativity, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104906

Oppermann, P.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

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Ossokine, S.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons213835

Pfeiffer, H.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons192115

Pürrer, M.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40491

Schreiber, E.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206604

Schulte, B.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Schutz , B. F.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

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Sennett, N.
Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons226613

Setyawati, Y. E.
Binary Merger Observations and Numerical Relativity, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206606

Steinke, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206608

Steinmeyer, D.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons230130

Torres-Forne, A.
Computational Relativistic Astrophysics, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40504

Vahlbruch, H.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231186

Venneberg, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons216222

Wei, L.-W.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40509

Weinert, M.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons226615

Wellmann, F.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

Weßels , P.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons216226

Wilken, D.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons40511

Willke, B.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206612

Woehler, J.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons231190

Wrangel, J. v.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons206614

Wu, D.
Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., et al. (2021). Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 913(1): L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe949.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0007-52DD-4

Abstract

We report on the population properties of the 47 compact binary mergers
detected with a false-alarm rate < 1 yr$^{-1}$ in the second LIGO--Virgo
Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog, GWTC-2. We investigate the binary black
hole (BBH) mass distribution, spin distribution, and merger rate as a function
of redshift, observing several BBH population characteristics not discernible
until now. First, we find the primary mass spectrum contains structure beyond a
power-law with a sharp high-mass cut-off; it is more consistent with a broken
power law with a break at $39.7^{+20.3}_{-9.1}\,M_\odot$, or a power law with a
Gaussian feature peaking at $33.5^{+4.5}_{5.5}\,M_\odot$ (90% crediblity).
While the primary mass distribution must extend past $65\,M_\odot$, only
$2.9^{+3.4}_{-1.7}\%$ of systems have primary masses greater than
$45\,M_\odot$. At low masses, the primary mass spectrum is consistent with a
gap between $\sim2.6\,M_\odot$ and $\sim6\,M_\odot$. Second, we find that a
fraction of BBH systems have component spins misaligned with the orbital
angular momentum, giving rise to precession of the orbital plane. Moreover, 12%
to 44% of BBH systems have spins tilted by more than $90^\circ$, giving rise to
a negative effective inspiral spin parameter. Third, we estimate merger rates,
finding $R_\mathrm{BBH} =
23.9^{+14.9}_{-8.6}\,\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for BBH and
$R_\mathrm{BNS} = {320}^{+490}_{-240}\,\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for
binary neutron stars (BNS). The BBH rate likely increases with redshift (85%
credibility), but not faster than the star-formation rate (87% credibility).
Additionally, we examine recent exceptional events in the context of our
population models, finding that the asymmetric masses of GW190412 and the high
component masses of GW190521 are consistent with our models, but the low
secondary mass of GW190814 makes it an outlier.